ALKANES

Preparation of alkanes can be divide into 4 which are hydrogenation of alkanes, reduction of alkyl halide, wurtz reaction and hydrolysis of grignard reagent. 

Hydrogenation of alkanes is addition of hydrogen (H) to an alkenes for forming an alkanes with platinum(Pt), palladium (Pd) and nickel (Ni) as a catalyst.

Reduction of alkyl halide is addition of Zink (Zn) to the alkyl halide to form an alkanes with HX as the catalyst. "X" represent halogen group such as (Cl, Br, I).

Wurtz reaction is addition of Sodium atom (Na) to the alkyl halide with ether as the catalyst to form an alkanes. 2Na been used in the example because i want to show the balance chemical equation.

Hydrolysis of grignard reagent involved two step which firstly form grignard reagent and the second is forming the alkanes. Forming grignard reagent is combination of alkyl with magnesium (Mg) and X which is halogen group. The second step is addition water (H2O) to the grignard reagent with hydrogen ions as catalyst to form an alkanes.

Reaction of an alkanes can be divided into three which halogenation, ring opening and combustion.

Halogenation have three step which initiation, propagation and termination. 
Initiation is breaking halogen to the free radical by addition of UV. 

Propagation have two step, the first one is alkane and free radical halogen will forming free radical alkane and halogen. Second, free radical alkane will react with halogen to form alkyl halide and free radical halogen. 

Termination have three step, first free radical halogen react with free radical halogen forming halogen. Second, free radical alkane react with free radical halogen forming alkyl halide. Third step, free radical alkane react with free radical carbon forming alkane.

Ring opening only occurs for cyclopropane. Cyclopropane can involved in substitution or addition process.

Combustion is process alkanes react with oxygen and forming carbon dioxide and water.

Baeyer strain theory explain about angle bond, angle strain and the reactivity. cyclopentane has the highest angle bond follow by cylobutane and cyclopropane. However, cyclopropane has the highest angle strain and be the most reactivity follow by cyclobutane and cyclopropane.

Introduction to organic chemistry

First thing first, we need to know on how to write the general formula. General formula can be divide into two which molecular formula or emprical formula. Molecular formula is the actual number of atoms represent in a molecule.For example, butene C₄H_8. While, emprical formula is the simplest ratio of atoms in a molecule. For example butene, instead of write as C4H8 we need to write as CH2.

structural formula can be divide into 3 which are expanded structure, condensed structure and skeletal structure. Expanded structure shows every atoms in a molecule. 

Condensed structure shows all atoms, but omits some or all of the verticle and horinzontal bonds. it makes it easier to write the formula in a line. 

The last structural formula is skeletal structure it shows just the carbon skeleton and the functional group. it does not need to shows carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms that attached directly to carbon atoms.

There are three structural isomers which chain, position and functional group. All of them have same chemical properties but different physical properties.

Chain can be represent as linear or branch. both of them has  similar number of atoms but different arrangement that make them be a different molecule. 

Next, position of the functional group that be added at the different side also make them be a different molecule. 

Last structural isomers is functional group, the different functional group added to the molecule will form different molecule even though total of each atoms are equally.

Stereoisomerism, include geometrical isomers and optical isomers. Geometrical isomers have cis- isomers and trans-isomers. the different between this two isomer just the arrangement of same functional group. cis-isomers will have same functional group in adjacent. while trans- isomers will have the same functional group in opposite site.

Optical isomers has two characteristic which are stereoisomer not superimposible  and not mirror image. Chiral carbon is a carbon that has four different functional group attaches to itself. From this optical isomers, we can know how many isomer presence by 2ⁿ , n is represent how many chiral carbon in a molecule.

Alkanes soluble in non polar solvent but insoluble in water. the boiling point of alkanes will increase as the number of carbon in a molecule increase. Besides, boiling point of alkanes  in the form of branch more higher compare to the linear arrangement. For number of carbon from 1 to 4 it in the form of gasses at normal temperature, while carbon 5-18 in the form of liquids, and number of carbon more than 18 in the form of solid.

That's all for this chapter, hope this will help you💕

BUKIT 300 AGAIN

Assalamualaikum and hi again . Act this video had been recorded last month . Tapi x post₂ lagi  and harini rase rindu kebetulan lak baru msuk sem ni x bz so nk postlh our memory at bukit 300😍. Bye😘😘

isomers

Assalamualaikum and hai, finally dapat jgk post video ni . Act, dh siap lama tp x boleh nk post sbb x muat so simpanlah buat perkasam video ni sampailah de someone ni cakap dye de bce blog ttg post ni. So, dari rasa nak delete je trus rse nk usaha jgk post sbb nk tolong dye. I know this subject may be tough at first but if u really understand what is organic chemistry, it will be easy and fun. So, i hope this video will help all of u and good luck😉.

p/s:hit this link⇓⇓⇓💕
https://drive.google.com/file/d/10HY2b6LTPpl8HDkNdufvrdoxc-WPH1xl/view?usp=sharing

FAMILY TIME

organic chemistry

Assalamualaikum and hi guys . Act I'm diploma science student and In Shaa Allah on this September I'll have my last semester. So for this 2 months semester break, I would like to share with all of you about my favorite subject which is organic chemistry. First things first, is you may use my post for your better understanding but you can't credit me on your assignment. Hopefully all of my post will help you☺. Tq💛

GRATEFUL

Assalamualaikum ,dah lama x update and tiba-tiba terpanggil untuk update mengenai "bersyukur" memandangkan semalam baru keluar result exam last semester for whole UITM student . So I  just wanna bold that we need to be grateful for what we had done . Someone may get the best result as he wish but  maybe not for others.  Rezeki Allah itu luas x semestinya melalui keputusan yang cemerlang sahaja. Kita mempunyai keluarga yang saling menyayangi , kita masih diberi masa untuk hidup juga rezeki Allah . Rezeki setiap orang tu x sama . So janganlah kita salahkan takdir , berputus asa or menunding jari dekat someone yang berjaya tu macam "kau x de kat tempat aku" , "kau x rase apa yang aku rasa" . Cuz did you know , what did she face before ? Mungkin ye rezeki dye Allah beri kejayaan tapi kita x tahu dari sudut lain Allah uji dye macam mana . Allah menguji setiap hambanya tidak melampaui kemampuannya . Allah tahu kita boleh hadapi semua ni , sebab tu Allah uji kita. Siapa sangkakan dye berjaya , dye dapat semua dye nak , dye pandai tapi sebenarnya banyak masalah yang dye tanggung seorang diri. And I may be the one of it , Im grateful cuz I got Dean List  for this sem . However , did anyone know that its hurt me too much when my love ones do not even congrats me ☺. Im not saying about boyfriends , but yeah he is the special ones for the rest of my life. Its not about just wishes , but more than that which can't be shared . But i still thankful for did what I have. I still have a complete family and Im grateful . Last but not least , try to accept the fate and please don't ever compare your life with others .  Then you will be the happiest person in the world.